Studi Naskah Tentang Spiritualitas Barat, Menimbang Trinitas, dan Kebahagiaan Etis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54170/qb4hcm71Kata Kunci:
spiritualitas barat, etika kebahagiaan, studi naskah, spiritualitas Trinitatis, spiritualitas panteistisAbstrak
Abstract
Spirituality is the capacity for self-transcendence, identity formation through action, and the inherent manifestation of ethical happiness. Christianity once served as the dominant framework of Western spirituality, however epistemologically the moment when the negation of the Trinity gained intellectual legitimacy remains unclear. This explanative research based on literature review and manuscript analysis examine spiritual and ethical perspectives in classical works by Gregory of Nyssa (4th century), Thomas Aquinas (13th century), Baruch de Spinoza (17th century), and Dietrich Bonhoeffer (20th century), aiming to identify the epistemic momentum of Trinitarian negation in Western spirituality and ethical happiness. Gregory, Aquinas, and Bonhoeffer emphasize spirituality rooted in Trinitarian theology. In contrast Spinoza and Giordano Bruno (16-17th century) shifted the paradigm toward pantheism, which negates the Trinity. For Spinoza ethical happiness lies in rationality, awareness of Nature as God, and knowledge as the foundation of ethics. Conversely for Gregory, Aquinas, and Bonhoeffer, ethical happiness is grounded in obedience to Trinitarian determination, which offers consolation, sanctifies thought, inspires action, and presupposes the self as a reflection of the crucified Christ in a world marked by sin and suffering. This study concludes that Western spirituality comprises two paradigms: one affirming the Trinity, and one pantheistically negating it for rational happiness.
Abstrak
Spiritualitas merupakan kapasitas untuk mentransendensi diri, membentuk identitas melalui aksi, maupun secara inheren memanifestasikan kebahagiaan etis. Kekristenan pernah menjadi kerangka dominan dalam spiritualitas Barat, namun secara epistemologis belum terjelaskan kapan penegasian doktrin Trinitas mulai mendapat legitimasi pengetahuan. Penelitian eksplanatif serta berbasis studi kepustakaan dan metode studi naskah ini menganalisis pandangan spiritual dan etika dari naskah-naskah klasik Gregorius dari Nyssa (abad ke-4), Thomas Aquinas (abad ke-13), Baruch de Spinoza (abad ke-17), dan Dietrich Bonhoeffer (abad ke-20) untuk menemukan momentum penegasian Trinitas dalam spiritualitas Barat dan kebahagiaan etis. Gregorius, Aquinas, dan Bonhoeffer menekankan spiritualitas yang berakar dalam Trinitas. Sebaliknya Spinoza (abad ke-17) dan Giordano Bruno (abad ke-16) menggeser paradigma spiritualitas Barat menuju panteisme yang menegasi Trinitas. Menurut Spinoza kebahagiaan etis manusia spiritual terletak pada rasionalitas, kesadaran akan Alam sebagai Tuhan, dan pengetahuan sebagai dasar etika. Sebaliknya menurut Gregorius, Aquinas, dan Bonhoeffer, kebahagiaan etis terletak dalam ketaatan pada determinasi Trinitas yang akan menyatakan penghiburan, menyucikan pikiran dan menginsiprasi tindakan, serta mengandaikan dirinya seperti refleksi Kristus yang tersalib dalam dunia yang penuh dosa dan penderitaan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan adanya dua paradigma spiritualitas Barat: paradigma yang mengafirmasi Trinitas demi kebahagiaan etis berbasis determinasi Trinitatis, serta paradigma yang menegasi-Nya secara panteistis demi kebahagiaan rasional berbasis nalar-pengetahuan.
Referensi
Almis, V. M., & Wijayanti, L. (2023). Digitalisasi Naskah Kuno Sebagai Upaya Pelestarian Informasi: Systematic literature review. Jurnal Ilmu Perpustakaan (JIPER), 5(2). https://doi.org/10.31764/jiper.v5i2.15224
Aquinas, S. T., Shanley, B. J., & Pasnau, R. (2006). The Treatise on the Divine Nature. Hackett Publishing.
Arti kata spiritualisme—KBBI Online. (2025). https://kbbi.web.id/spiritualisme
Badzinski, D. M., Woods, R. H., & Nelson, C. M. (2021). Content Analysis. Dalam The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in the Study of Religion (2 ed.). Routledge.
Blankenhorn, B. (2015). The Mystery of Union with God. CUA Press.
Boehme, A. J. (2015). Spirituality and Religion: The Shift From East to West and Beyond. Missio Apostolica, 23(1). https://www.lsfm.global/our-journals/
Bonhoeffer, D. (1995). The Cost of Discipleship. Simon and Schuster.
Breuel, S. (2022, Desember 6). Is Europe Post-Christian or Pre-Revival? Christianity Today. https://www.christianitytoday.com/2022/12/europe-revival-post-christian-continent-prayer-church-diasp/
Chan, S. (2009). Spiritual Theology: A systematic study of the christian life. InterVarsity Press.
Daeli, O. O. (2018). Spiritualitas dan Transformasi. MELINTAS An International Journal of Philosophy and Religion (MIJPR), 34(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.26593/mel.v34i1.3087.96-110
Karakaya, T. (2023). The Evolution of Western Spirituality: From ancient Greece and Rome to contemporary practices. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(45), 841–855. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.1256854
Koltaj, B. (2019). Bonhoeffer’s Social Theology. Dalam B. Koltaj (Ed.), Žižek Reading Bonhoeffer: Towards a Radical Critical Theology (hlm. 81–152). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26094-1_3
Kreeft, P. (2014). Practical Theology: Spiritual Direction from Saint Thomas Aquinas. Ignatius Press.
Lane, T. (2016). Runtut Pijar (C. Item-Corputy, Penerj.). BPK Gunung Mulia.
Marshall, E. (2014). The Spiritual Automaton: Spinoza’s Science of the Mind. OUP Oxford.
McGrath, A. E. (2013). Christian Spirituality: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
Neuman, W. L. (2015). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson Education.
Perszon, J. (2024). The Crisis of Western Culture and Secularism. Verbum Vitae, 42(2). https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1258387
Raeper, W., & Smith, L. (2000). Ide-Ide: Filsafat dan agama (Penerbit Kanisius, Penerj.). Penerbit Kanisius.
Scruton, R. (2002). Spinoza: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford.
Shaw, M. R. (2003). 10 Pemikiran Besar dari Sejarah Gereja (The Boen Giok, Penerj.). Penerbit Momentum.
Spinoza, B. de. (2016). The Collected Works of Spinoza, Volume I. Princeton University Press.
